The search process involved:

• the electronic searching of databases (ERIC, BEI, EBSCO, PsychInfo, Ingenta, Taylor & Francis, SOSIG) using keywords (models, frameworks, strategy, assessing, measuring, outcomes, impact, benefits, service, delivery, career guidance);
• a hand search of the National Library Resource for Guidance (NLRG);
• searches of websites such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance (IAEVG), National Association of Career Guidance Teachers (NACGT), Department for Education and Skills (DfES), and the National Institute for Careers Education and Counselling (NICEC).

The text has been taken either from the abstract or main body text of the included publications.

Models from guidance and guidance-related disciplines

Impact analysis models are considered from within the field of guidance or guidance-related fields. There are studies from the UK and the USA and subjects covered include the Economic Outcomes of Guidance and Accountability and Evaluation in Careers Services.

Models from other disciplines

Impact analysis models are considered from other disciplines. The seven studies in this section cover a wider range of topics, including benchmarking and outcome mapping in other settings such as psychotherapy.