These resources are drawn from research material and theory on the provision of careers education and guidance for the 11-16 age group. Specifically, they consider the impact of CEG on students in compulsory education.

Clicking on the little 'sticky' icon at the top right of an item brings up a viewer with details of the focus of study, key findings and additional comments.

Armstrong 1998

Armstrong, D. (1998) Careers Guidance, Psychometric Testing and Unemployment Amongst Young People: An Empirical Analysis for Northern Ireland. Applied Economics. Vol. 30 pp. 1203-1218

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the effect of testing in Northern Ireland on young people’s subsequent experiences of unemployment.

Bagnall 2000

Bagnall, N.F. (2000). The Balance Between Vocational Secondary And General Secondary Schooling In France And Australia. Comparative Education. Vol. 36. pp. 459-475.

The article makes a comparison of school-based vocational programmes in the two countries.

Bingham 1998

Bingham, W.C. (1998) A Perspective on Career Guidance in the Twenty-First Century. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. Vol. 20 pp. 61-69.

The content of the article touches upon many concerns, which are likely to confront operators of career guidance programs through the first quarter or so of the next century.

Bullock and Wikeley 1999

Bullock, K., Wikeley, F. (1999). Improving Learning In Year 9: Making Use Of Personal Learning Plans. Educational Studies. Vol. 25. pp. 19-33.

This paper takes an evaluative look at an action-planning initiative, which aimed to improve pupils' learning in Year 9.

Carlo 2003

Carlo,R. (2003). Disaffected Young People and the Work-related Curriculum at Key Stage 4: issues of social capital development and learning as a form of cultural practice. Journal of Education and Work, Vol. 16. pp. 69-86.

Government concern with underachievement in certain school environments and the relatively poor staying-on rates into post-compulsory education and training in particular urban contexts has led to the development of work-related/work-based alternative curricula as a way of re-motivating and re-engaging those young people classified as being ‘at risk’ or disaffected.

Colley 2000

Colley, H. (2000). Mind The Gap: Policy Goals And Young People's Resistance In A Mentoring Programme.

This paper draws on research evidence from a study of mentoring relationships within a pre-vocational training scheme for 16-19 year olds identified as "disaffected", based on principles underpinning current policies on social exclusion.

Cornwall and Devon Careers 2000

Cornwall And Devon Careers. Anonymous. Connecting With Young Offenders: A Case Study Of Careers Work With YJT Clients. DfES. (2000 Nov). CSNU/DY0004,

This project, managed by Cornwall and Devon Careers, investigated how a dedicated careers adviser, working in partnership with a Youth Justice Team (YJT), could provide enhanced guidance, support and mentoring to young people for whom the team was responsible.

Creed and Patton 2002

Creed, P.A. and Patton, W. (2002) Differences in Career Attitude and Career Knowledge for High School Students With and Without Paid Work Experience. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance. Vol. 3:1 pp.21-33

A large sample (N=1,279) of high school students was assessed using the Career Maturity Inventory (CDI-A; Lokan, 1984). The two composite scales of Career Development Attitude and Career Development Knowledge were examined in relation to age, gender and whether the students had engages in paid work experience.

Davies 1991

Davies, P. (1991). Careers Work with Younger Pupils. Newscheck with Careers Service Bulletin. Vol. 1:7 Feb 1991.

The author puts the case for introducing careers education at an earlier stage and outlines the results of some recent evaluation studies in this field.

Dewhirst et al 1994

Dewhirst, S., Lines, S., Martin. D. (1994) Careers Guidance Interviewing: What Should it Achieve. Newscheck, Vol. 4:5 March 1994.

The authors seek to open a debate on how best to evaluate the effectiveness of the one-to-one careers guidance interview.

DfES Mar 27 2003

DfES (Mar 27 2003) Study of young people permanently excluded from school. Report No. 405.

This study tracked the careers for a two-year period, of 193 young people after their permanent exclusion from school during Year 9, Year 10 or Year 11 (13 to 16 years of age) in a representative sample of 10 LEAs.

Drier 2000

Drier, H.N. (2000). Special Issue Introduction: Career And Life Planning Key Feature Within Comprehensive Guidance Programs. Journal Of Career Development. Vol. 27. pp. 73-80.

This edition of the journal focuses upon career planning within schools.

Edwards et al 1999

Edwards, A., Barnes, A., Killeen, J., Watts, A. (1999) The Real Game: Evaluation of the UK National Pilot. CRAC/NICEC.

The policy of the National Life/Work centre (which manages the development of The Real Game) is to reach national agreements with other countries wishing to promote and distribute the game.

Fardig 1992

Fardig, D. (1992) Career Education: Program Evaluation Report. Orange County Public Schools, Orlando, FL. Program Evaluation Office.

In the Orange County (Florida) Public Schools, an evaluation was conducted of career education provided in elementary schools and secondary schools.

Flouri and Buchanan 2002

Flouri, E., Buchanan, A. (2002) The Role of Work-Related Skills and Career Role Models in Adolescent Career Maturity. The Career Development Quarterly. Vol. 51. pp. 36-44.

The authors used data from 2, 722 British adolescents, ages 14-18 years, to explore whether work-related skills and career role models are associated with career maturity when sociodemographic characteristics (age, socio-economic status, gender, family structure), family support (mother/father involvement), and personal characteristics (self-confidence, academic motivation) are controlled.

Gfroerer 2000

Gfroerer, M. (2000). Career Guidance On The Cutting Edge Of Competency-Based Assessment. Journal Of Career Development. Vol. 27. pp. 119-131

This article describes New Hampshire's efforts in developing and implementing a Competency-Based Transcript for secondary education.

Gitterman et al 1995

Gitterman, A. et al. Office of Educational Research and Improvement ((ED), Washington DC, 1995). Outcomes Of School Career Development. EDO-CG-95-58.

This publication shows how successful programs of school career development in the US can help all students experience an enriched education.

Golden et al 2002

Golden, S., Spielfhofer, T., Sims, D., Aiston, S., & O’Donnell, L. (2002). Re-Engaging The Hardest-To-Help Young People: The Role Of The Neighbourhood Support Fund. 366. DfES Research Report.

The Neighbourhood Support Fund (NSF), which was launched in September 1999, aims to re-engage disaffected and disengaged young people aged 13 to 19 into education, training or employment.

Golden et al 2003

Golden, S. Nelson, J. O’Donnell, L. Morris, M. (2003) National Evaluation of the Increased Flexibility for 14-16 Year Old Programme. Research Brief RBX 11-03. DfES.

The Increased Flexibility for 14-16 Year Olds Programme (IFP) was introduced by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES). This £120 million programme aims to ‘create enhanced vocational and work-related learning opportunities for 14-16 year olds of all abilities who can benefit most.’

OHMCI 1997

Great Britain Office of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools in Wales; (1997) A survey of careers education and guidance in the secondary schools of Wales, OHMCI, pp. 1-16.

The study aims to explore the nature of CEG provision in secondary schools in Wales and to analyse the standards and quality of teaching and learning in CEG and to appraise the factors that influence it.

Hillage et al 1996

Hillage, J., Honey, S., Kodz, J., Pike, G. (1996) Pre-16 Work Experience in England and Wales. The Institute for Employment Studies Executive Summary Report 319.

This summary presents the main findings of the yearlong study for the Department of Education and Employment (DfEE) evaluating the scope and quality of pre-16 work experience in England and Wales.

Howieson and Semple 1996

Howieson, C., Semple, S. (1996) Guidance in Secondary Schools: The Pupil Perspective, CES Briefing, Centre for Educational Sociology (A Research Centre of the ESRC)

Against a background of major changes in schools and in pupils’ post-school opportunities, a recent SOEID funded project, Guidance in Secondary Schools, explored pupils’ guidance needs and the effectiveness of provision.

Hudson 1996

Hudson, G. (1996) Dealing with Work: secondary students' work experience and the curriculum Journal of Vocational Education and Training Vol. 48:3.

The Technical and Vocational Education Initiative (TVEI) was introduced as a major programme in the United Kingdom that would relate secondary schools' curricula to the 'world of work'.

Huiling 2001

Huiling, P. (2001). Comparing The Effectiveness Of Two Different Career Education Courses On Career Decidedness For College Freshmen: An Exploratory Study. Journal Of Career Development. Vol. 28. pp. 29-41.

An exploratory study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two different career education courses on career decision making for college freshmen in Taiwan.

Huteau 2001

Huteau, M. (2001). The Evaluation Of Methods In Career Education Interventions. International Journal For Educational And Vocational Guidance. Vol. 1. pp. 177-196.

This article initially examines the conditions in which group methods in career intervention have emerged, reviewing their general traits and the criteria which evaluation research must meet.

Hutton 1994

Hutton, D. (1994) Action Plans. Careers Guidance Today 1994 Part 2.

This describes a single case where the most positive achievement had been to give ownership of the Careers Guidance Action Plan to the pupils themselves.

Jahnukainen 2001

Jahnukainen, M. (2001). Two models for preventing students with special needs from dropping out of education in Finland. European Journal of Special Needs Education. Vol. 16. pp. 245-258.

Numerous studies have shown that pupils with special needs are at high risk of dropping out and leaving school without finishing their studies, in particular, in post compulsory schooling.

Kucker 2000

Kucker, M. (2000). South Dakota's Model For Career And Life Planning. Journal Of Career Development. Vol. 27. pp. 133-148.

This article provides information about how a rural state manages its resources to deliver a well-coordinated career and life planning system for students in grades 9–12.

Lui 1989

Lui, H.W.E. (1989) The Effectiveness Of Career Guidance Approaches. Research PapersEUR/15/89.

The educational research unit project ITL2 study in Singapore was quasi-experimental research designed to measure the effectiveness of non-traditional personnel and resource material package in developmental career guidance.

Luzzo and Pierce 1996

Luzzo, D.A., Pierce G; (1996) Effects of DISCOVER on the career maturity of middle school students. Career Development Quarterly. Vol. 45:2 pp. 170-172.

This study evaluates the effect of computer-assisted career guidance system on the career maturity of 38 students in a rural middle school.

MORI 1998

MORI (1998) The Value of Information Types and Sources for Year 11 Decision Making (commissioned by DfEE).

This document presents the findings of a qualitative research study carried out by MORI’s Social Research Unit on behalf of the DfEE.

Morris et al 2000

Morris, M., Rudd, P., Nelson, J., Davies, D. (2000) The Contribution of Careers Education and Guidance To School Effectiveness in Partnership Schools, National Foundation for Education Research, DFEE.

This study was commissioned by the DfEE in order to gain a clearer understanding of the impact that careers education and guidance may have upon the overall effectiveness of schools.

NFER 1998

NFER (1998) The Impact of Careers Education and Guidance on Young People in Years 9 and 10: A Follow up Study.

This study is a follow up study to the baseline study

NFER 1996

NFER (1996). Careers Education and Guidance Provision for 13 and 14-Year Olds, (commissioned by DfEE).

This report is an outcome of a detailed study commissioned by the Department for Education and Employment in 1995 to provide baseline information on the careers education and guidance provision made by schools and careers services for students in Years 9 and 10.

OECD 2000

OECD Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development. (2000). From Initial Education To Working Life: Making Transitions Work. OECD Education & Skills. May 2000. pp. 1-199.

This publication outlines the experiences of the transition from compulsory education to work in 14 OECD countries change during the 1990s and examines which types of transition policies worked best.

Office for Standards in Education 1995

Office For Standards In Education (1995) A Survey Of Careers Education And Guidance In Schools, Ofsted.

This report outlines the findings of a survey of careers education and guidance (CEG) in schools, conducted between May 1994 and June 1995.

Patton and Creed 2002

Patton, W., Creed, P.A. (2002) The Relationship Between Career Maturity and Work Commitment in a Sample of Australian High School Students, Journal of Career Development. Vol. 29:2. pp. 69-85

This study reports on a study conducted with 377 Australian students enrolled in grades 9 through 12.

Peterson et al 1999

Peterson, G.W. Long, K.L. Billups, A. (1999) The Effect of Three Career Interventions On Educational Choices of Eighth Grade Students. ASCA Professional School Counselling. Vol. 3:1 October 1999.

Investigates the formulation of 4-year high school programs of study in order to help US students realise their career aspirations.

Reid 1999

Reid, H.L. (1999). Barriers To Inclusion For The Disaffected: Implications For 'Preventive' Careers Guidance Work With The Under-16 Age Group. British Journal Of Guidance & Counselling. Vol. 27:4. pp. 539-554.

This article suggests guidance is ineffective if it fails to consider social difference and pay adequate attention to the social context within which individuals operate.

Reid 2002

Reid, K. (2002). Mentoring With Disaffected Pupils. Mentoring And Tutoring. Vol. 10. pp. 153-169.

This article focuses on a critical evaluation of progress being made by a number of major innovative schemes, which are aimed at raising standards in school and combating disaffected behaviour.

Robinson 2002

Robinson, S. (2002). Influences On The Career Decision-Making Of Ethnic Minority Pupils At Key Stage 4 - Implications For Careers Education And Guidance In A Multi-Ethnic School. Careers Education And Guidance. February 2002. pp. 2-5.

This study examines the influences on the career decision-making of ethnic minority pupils at the end of key stage 4 in a large co-educational comprehensive school in an urban city area.

Roger and Duffield 2000

Roger, A., Duffield, J. (2000) Factors Underlying Persistent Gendered Option Choices in School Science and Technology in Scotland. Gender and Education. Vol. 12 pp. 367—383

After survey and meta-analysis the article highlights various school initiatives and estimates the likelihood of their success in addressing the underlying influences on girls’ choices away from science and technology.

Saunders et al 1997

Saunders, L., Stoney, S., & Weston, P. DfEE (1997). The Impact Of The Work-Related Curriculum On 14-To 16-Year-Olds. Journal Of Education & Work. Vol. 10. pp. 151-167

The Department for Education and Employment commissioned a research team at the National Foundation for Educational Research in 1996 to undertake a review of research into the impact of the work-related curriculum on the motivation and achievements of young people aged 14-16.

Smith 2002

Smith, J.P. (2002) Training Young People Through A School/Enterprise Partnership: A Longitudinal Study. Education + Training. Vol. 44. pp. 281-289.

This paper reports a longitudinal study of 58 students who undertook an engineering traineeship concurrent with their final two years of secondary school.

Stuart et al 2000

Stuart, N., Tyers, C., & Crowder, M. Outcomes From Careers Education And Guidance (Phase II) - A Tracking Study. DfES. (2000 Oct 27). RBX9.

This document provides a summary of the main findings from the second phase of a research study into the outcomes from Careers Education and Guidance (CEG) that was carried out between September 1997 and October 1999.

Thomson et al 1995

Thomson, G.O.B., Latter, J., Ward, K. (1995) Planning for Transition: Canadian and Scottish Experience in Comparative Perspective. European Journal of Special Needs Education. Vol. 10:3 pp. 199-209.

This paper reports on a comparative approach to planning the transition to adulthood of young people with physical disabilities.

Watts 2001

Watts, A.G. (2001). Career Guidance And Social Exclusion: A Cautionary Tale. British Journal Of Guidance And Counselling. Vol. 29. pp. 157-176.

The author concludes that while career guidance has an important contribution to make in addressing social exclusion, this should be secondary to supporting individual progression and development.

Wentling and Waight 2001

Wentling, R-M., Waight, C.L. (2001). Initiatives That Assist And Barriers That Hinder The Successful Transition Of Minority Youth Into The Workplace In The USA. Journal Of Education And Work. Vol. 14. pp. 71-89.

This article reports the results of a study on the initiatives that assist and barriers that hinder the successful transition of minority youth into the workplace.

Wessel 2003

Wessel, R.D. (2003). Enhancing Career Development Through The Career Success Club. Journal Of Career Development. Vol. 29. pp. 265-276.

This article traces the success of a career management plan in enhancing the career development of US undergraduates.

Yip 1990

Yip, K. (1990) Excellence in education for Singapore: The role of Career Guidance. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. Vol. 13. pp. 185-191.

This paper begins with a brief history of career guidance in Singapore and a description of provisions made in the past for the educational and vocational needs of weaker students.

Outcomes from career information and guidance services

As part of a study of guidance systems in Member State, in a perspective of lifelong learning, which the European Commission is undertaking in co-operation with OECD, the National Institute for Careers Education and Counselling (NICEC) was commissioned to prepare a paper on "evaluating outcomes in guidance service delivery". The aim was to consider different approaches to measurement of outcomes from career information and guidance service delivery, provide exemplars of different approaches, summarise reviews of available evidence using these approaches, and outline policy priorities for the collection of such evidence in future, and for effective sharing and dissemination of such evidence.